Effective Team Working in Organisations - Free Essay Example

Introduction 2 Characteristics of effective team working2 Team reflection2 Team presentation3 PPD activities4 Conclusion5 Bibliography6 Introduction In this report I will discuss the most important characteristics of effective team working in organisations, I will also reflect upon how my team used these team characteristics to enhance team performance. In addition to that I will also discuss the important features of effective presentation, and reflect my experience of engaging on presentation project. Lastly I will reflect upon my PPD1 activities and coursework during the academic year, and the skills I developed. Characteristic of effective Team Work Team work can deliver shared strength for any organization.Effective teams help organisations to become more creative and make a pleasant and open atmosphere.Cameron (2009) states that the most important characteristics of effective team work are Communication skills, managing tasks and managing processes. Good communication skills: it is very important that team members to communicate in order to achieve common goals and keep up a strong relationships at all levels. Involving in a group work requires good communication skills. If the communication between team members is not to the required level messages could not be transferred efficiently within a team, and therefore targets could not be met. McComb et al (2012) suggested that effective communication enhance the overall performance of a team. Managing tasks: this gives the team clear objectives and it allows them to monitor their progress towards their actions weather the team de termine their action needs to be engaged or not. Group members have to arrange and prioritise their tasks. In this respect leaders or managers are responsible to monitor overall team performance and take curative measure when problem occurred. Managing process: This part is vital for team work. It requires that teams have to dedicate the teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s goal and encourage contributing to the tasks. Once goals and objectives are set out it is imperative to provide support to team members and encourage them to cooperate towards their common goal. Cooperation is a backbone of team work, which can trigger and activate members together towards the common organisational objective. Providing support and incentives for team members could enhance cooperation within a team (Sliwka, 2001). Team work Reflection Reflecting upon my group presentation I feel that my group did not communicate enough; one of the reasons that broke our communication was that some of my group member w ere participating on other course presentation, and they did not have a time to get involve. I also feel that my team did not have clear common goals because there was no communication. Since I was nominated to be the leader of the team, I tried to improve my leadership skill through the project. To do so I implemented servant leadership style than transactional leadership style, where I take the initiation to help my team members and lead them by example. The servant leadership style I used helped other team members to get started and the overall team communication improved instantly. Politis (2013) argued that servant leadership style has a substantial effect on improving team performance that the traditional authoritarian leadership style. In the future group works I will make sure that each member of my team will get involve and give an opportunity to explain their opinions. I will also plan ahead to take strategic measurements when unexpected things happen. I will make sure that things will not get pushed out of the way and affect the overall team performance. In addition to this I will make sure that my teammates share their ideas, thoughts and feelings, in order to become successful as a group. One of the things I learned from other groups was the way they allocated tasks. Each member did fair share of the work. I also learned that it is essential that teams needs to cooperate and support each other towards their common goal. It is also imperative to improve our time management so that tasks can be completed before deadlines. Good Presentation Cameron (2009) suggested that most important features of effective presentation include good preparation in advance, clear structure and clear objectives. Use of images, diagrams and other visual aids also represent an effective presentation. Good presentations do not just happen; it has to be prepared in advance, rehearsed, and then delivered clearly so that audiences can understand the message. The o ne who is delivering should learn the presentation skills such as positive body language, use of toned voice, and eye contact with the audiences. The presenter who believed they are natural presenters might fail sometimes. This ascertains that repeated practice is vital to improve presentation skill. Successful presentation depends on adequate preparation. It is good to illustrating the main points; the best way to illustrate the main objective of the presentation is to useimages, charts, and graphs in order to highlight points. Humans are naturally attracted to visual things and can understand information more than listening or reading. I feel my Presentation was not that bad, although we all did not rehearse before the actual presentation. I believe that we managed to provide a good presentation because we were improvising during the presentation. I suppose that we could do better if we rehearse the presentation in advance. One of the challenges we faced on the presentation was that we were not confident enough, especially I was nervous and that affected our performance. Finally we managed to address our arguments to the audiences. I was proud of our effort because we overcome our fear and keep awake our audience until the end of the presentation. The feedback from the audience was inspirational; the only critics were that we missed to reference the presentation. In the future presentation I will encourage my group to rehearse before the actual presentation in order to overcome nervousness and improve our confident. In addition to this I will make sure that I reference my work in order to back up my ideas and make my presentation solid. My opinion maybe important but it is advisable to support the argument made. Looking back on my fellow peerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s presentation, I learned that body language is very important way of attracting the audience. Making eye contact also helps to create instant communication with the audience. Human beings always communicate using body language even though they are not expressing or using words. The way people walk or stand, or even look, send countless messages. During our presentation, body language was one of the effective presentation factors my team failed to make use of it. According to Graduate Career tips (2012) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Presentation is not just about blowing your audience away with a brilliantly worded presentation. It is also about the delivery and how you present it yourself and exhibit body language signals. Find a balanced combination between body language, your tone of voice and great content to engage your audience.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  PPD Activities As my time in Greenwich University has gone on, PPD activities helped me to develop the following essential skills that are applicable in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s competitive business world. Group work skills: I used to think that group work is waste of time because most of my group works members do not put a lot of efforts and I used to encourage members to engage in to the work, but PPD helped me to understand that group work is a vital skill for business and academic success. I also learned that working in a team improves efficiency. The other benefit of working in a team is that it improves communication skill, cooperation, and collaboration to come up with different ideas and solution to problem at hand. Develop my writing skills: PPD helped me to improve my writing skills substantially. Since English is not my first language, I was interested to develop my writing skill at university. Engaging on PPD coursework gave me an opportunity to develop my writing skill highly. Furthermore, it helped me to improve my research skills and my referencing abilities. I would suggest that PPD should give more time promoting group works. This will help new student to boost their confident. I also think that new students should get more help on their English, because year after year there are more international students whose first language is not English. Since IT is the backbone of the contemporary business world, I would like to suggest that PPD should involve IT sessions to teach future students basic computer skills. I uploaded evidence of attending Big Picture seminar in my Employability passport page. On the big picture seminar I have learned about some measurement of economic growth. Based on annual percentage of national output economic measurement, china and India are growing faster than most of western countries.as a business student the seminar gave me an idea how the economic crisis occurred in 2007 affected individual businesses and impose large amount of unemployment in the western countries. I also uploaded evidence of my unr elated Part time employment letter. As a retail security officer I have learned how retail business work. As student working in retail supermarket will increase my probabilities of attaining a graduate job after completion of my degree in the retail sector. I already spoke to my store manager to give me an opportunity to work in Tescoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s finance department during my second year. He told me that he graduated from university before 4 years ago and he said that he was a former Tesco employee; he advised me that I can follow his rout to improve my employability after graduation. In addition to this I uploaded evidence of attending Resource event in Excel. During the event I attended few presentations. It was good experience and most of the presentations covered number of subjects for the circular economy, such as advanced manufacturing processes, adaptive and smart manufacturing systems. As Business with finance student, the event was beneficial because I would like t o learn the principle of the upcycling industrial products. Conclusion During the second term I have learned about ways of efficient use of water in household and organisational uses. During my research I found out that many people are suffering from shortage water. Since 70% of the world is covered with water, unsustainable use of water is the cause of water shortage around the globe. We also learned that how unsustainable use of resources could cause environmental pollution and global warming. The emission of carbon is the main cause of global warming, and most industrialised countries are responsible for that. I also learned about how to develop a CV in a way that I can sell myself to the employers. Effective team working enhance business success through setting clear objectives, empowering team members, and creating harmonized working environment. Effective team share ideas, knowledge and experience for the good of the organisation. Communication is the basic skills to perform well within a team. If a team lacks communication skills the targeted goals could not be met as required, thus developing communication skills is mandatory to be productive in a team work. Bibliography Cameron, S (2009). Business Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Handbook: team working and leadership. 5th edition, Essex, Pearson, P.237 Cameron, S (2009). Business Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Handbook: Presentation to others. 5th edition, Essex, Pearson, p.264 Graduate Career tips (2012). Body language: importance to great presentation. Available from: https://graduatecareertips.co.uk/2011/06/body-language-great-presentations/ / [Accessed March 15, 2014] McComb et al (2012). The five change ways of team communication: business communication. 54(5) p.10-13 Politis, J (20013). The relationship between team performance: Authentic and servant leadership. Leadership and Government p.237 Sliwka, D (2001) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Never change a winning teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ - Team - Incentives and implicit cooperation. Schalenbach Business Review (SBR). P. 53(4)

Test on Agreement with Compound Verbs

Morality And Tolerance Paper - 1610 Words

Morality and Tolerance Paper 1 Every person is born with a moral compass, the knowledge of right and wrong. As we grow and experience life, we get to choose what we believe is right and wrong. This becomes the foundation of your life; it’s why we do what we do. And as every person grows up and discovers his or her own principles, it’s easy to meet a person with different values, especially as Christians. But why should you, or anyone care about morality and the problems involved with tolerance? C.S. Lewis explained it like this, â€Å"In reality, moral rules are directions for running the human machine.†(Lewis, 69) He explains that moral rules are directions on how we should live our lives, but at first they seem to be keeping us from running†¦show more content†¦I’ve been, however, struggling with how to go about this situation. I smiled and told Beth that her girlfriend was pretty. Beth was overjoyed that I didn’t freak out about it; I simply told her that I loved her no matter who she loved. I was raised to believe that God made marriage for one man and one woman. I’ve been raised to love everyone, despite his or her flaws or misconceptions. I’ve also been raised to stand up and defend my beliefs. But when another’s morals come crashing into mine, it’s confusing knowing what to do. I don’t want Beth to think that I’m okay with her lifestyle. But I also don’t want her to think of me as another judgmental Christian. How can one love without accepting? This happens everywhere daily. The â€Å"Me Generation† I’ve been born into has a belief system that you should do whatever makes you happy. But when every person has his own beliefs about what’s right and what’s wrong; there will always be contradictions. It’s inevitable. Christians all over America struggle with the choices of morality daily too. In May 2008, the Barna Group conducted a survey of 1003 adults (18 and older). (The Barna Group) They said it was indicated that about 55% of adults talk about moral issues with others during a normal week. It’s not an issue you can avoid. It will follow you around for your entire life. Although some people don’t even believe that morality exists. Adam Zerner wrote an article about this, he says it plainly: â€Å"Morality doesn’t

Leadership Research Practice Development -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Leadership Research Practice Development? Answer: Introducation I did the first volunteer program at YMCA in the month of June 2015 for almost 40 hours. As I knew three different languages, I helped in translation with the different clients of the respective company. I had enormous experience while volunteering and I learnt different leadership skills that will help me in future to lever any hard-hitting situation. I learnt the communication skills that is necessary to communicate with members and level of patience increased to a huge extent. I gained confidence while working with YMCA and built new sense of achievement as well. As there were individuals from different communities, I had the prospect to intermingle with diverse cultures. When I was in grade 11, I was elected as the team leader for a team wherein I had the task of organizing the multicultural show in the school. I was excited about the role and I started working effectively for leading my team against the others. As a team leader, I was confident in nature to perform the different activities and handled the different situations in effective manner. I arranged the situation in an effectual manner wherein it was a success and everyone enjoyed it to full extent. I am proud of myself that I have achieved the goals by being the leader in the multicultural show. During my school days, I received ESL award as I helped the ESL students and this helped me in receiving success. The school committee had offered me different scholarships for performing well in my different tasks. Furthermore, I received different Pathways Scholarship and I was offered stipend for the different essential tasks along with other leadership qualities. I tried to work and give my best to the school that helped me in becoming successful. References Mendenhall, M. E., Osland, J., Bird, A., Oddou, G. R., Stevens, M. J., Maznevski, M. L., Stahl, G. K. (Eds.). (2017).Global leadership: Research, practice, and development. Routledge. Ng, D., Nguyen, D. T., Wong, B. K. S., Choy, W. K. W. (2015). A review of Singapore principals leadership qualities, styles, and roles.Journal of Educational Administration,53(4), 512-533. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications.

SuperNewMedia Ltd Is A New Media Agency Essay Example

SuperNewMedia Ltd Is A New Media Agency Essay There is a challenging web development project at SuperNewMedia. This requires contemporary aesthetic and website placement skills that my current team does not posses. To successfully implement the project, I need to recruit a new team, establish a communication strategy and control the team effectively to complete the project on time and within acceptable cost.As the Senior Project manager, I feel that there is an urgent need for SuperNewMedia to recruit employees. There are several needs that the new charity based website has in the UK. The website produced by SuperNewMedia must be able to host console games, have qualifications, criteria for charity selection and evaluation, newsletters, articles, maps, internal data and details of upcoming tours (Caramel. B Tija. P 2005). The website must be able to introduce GlobalCulture-For-All through its website, must display resumes and pictures of its staff, must strengthen relationships with the donors who sponsor the exchange programs for schools, give detailed information and show videos about the different exchange programs, show testimonials and the beneficiaries of the program. Most important the website should be up twenty-four hours a day with minimum costs and resources and involve in interactive communications with clients (Friedlein. A 2001). The website should build up the image of GlobalCulture-For-All and get it well-funded, progressive donors or buyers of the Charity merchandising.However the problems that I am facing now are that the current team is not able to produce the video clips that are required to be incorporated in the website. The current employees do not have industry experience; some are located abroad and are very difficult to communicate with, the personnel in London are not able incorporate simple features like forms, links and download features into the site. And even when they do it, these features are very slow, do not have compatibility with the browser, are difficult to navigate and are not artistic (Geest. T. 2001). The current employees that may have thrived in the creative department of a newspaper seem to be at a loss in case of this website. I have a real problem with communicating with the present team about the importance of placement with regards to search engines. The understand promotion of the GlobalCulture-For-All website but not much about placement. Most importantly, the present team has no experience with the development and implementation of websites.In particular I have a team that consists of one production assistant. He is a full time employee who has good experience in producing print magazines but has no experience in the production of a website. I have five designers, three of which have worked in important daily newspapers; one has experience in a sports magazine and another has earned his laurels in a tabloid. They have strong aesthetic skills but their designs are more suited to print media rather than a website. Each of these has u ndergone a training program in web designing but this seems to have added little to their skills. I have on my team an excellent programmer who programs very good console games but has little knowledge of placing websites on search engines. Finally, there are three â€Å"content experts†, each of which is a trip organizer in different locations like New York, Paris and Hong Kong. The three tour organizers send in information that is suitable for a printed catalogue but not a website. What they really need to do is to produce attractive videos that can be posted on the website.From one perspective this means that I would not like to have any member of the ‘old’ team working on my project. What I need to determine is that the current team members need to be redeployed in those areas where their talents can be used. These team members are most suitable for projects that are related to the print media. They would be excellent in designing advertisements, writing copy for printed advertisements and even designing newspaper and periodical layouts. One possible redeployment strategy is that SuperNewMedia should commence the publication of a newspaper or a periodical. The current team will do an excellent job. The second possible redeployment strategy would be that SuperNewMedia opens an advertising agency and have the current team handle the print media related work. The third possibility is that SuperNewMedia should restructure its production team and most of the current employee would be retrenched.For completing this project in time and up to the satisfaction of GlobalCulture-For-All, I need a team that has designers that have both cosmetic designing abilities, programming designing expertise, knowledge of charities, and experience in site placement. In other words my team should have a balance of cosmetic and programming skills and experience. I want them to make an excellent looking website which is well place on search engines and services p romotion. The professionals that I want on my team should have a minimum of ten reference websites so that I can asses the candidate’s general skills, commitment and potential to stick to a job. I will like to look at the reference accounts of the sites (Yunker. J 2002). I am interested in evaluating how they have handled the content of websites. If they have any experience in handling the content of Charity websites. Search engine query scripts shall be examined to evaluate how the potential candidates have placed their websites on search engines.For the selection of new personnel, I will evaluate their creativity so that the website differentiates itself, the aesthetics and layout should be arresting sot that it attracts and persuades viewers (Burgess. S 2002). I will test three aspects of the past work done by any candidate, the loading time taken by site, the compatibility of the site with different browsers and the ease of navigation on their websites. Even though I woul d like to have my team in London so that direct supervision is possible, I am not averse to having a designer of SuperNewMedia located abroad. If a potential employee has the ability to build in extra features like bulletin board, useful links, foreign language areas and forms into a website that will make him more employable.My recruitment strategy for new team members will be to produce well defined specifications for each position. The specifications will be used through the usual channels of recruitment. I will actively use recruitment consultancies and job sites as they will generate large volumes of applicants quickly. I will also two other channels but they will be less important namely, personal referral of the current employees and using the corporate site of SuperNewMedia. These however, are expected to generate very few candidates. After I have generated a pool of applications, I will use the criteria for selection described above and each candidate’s profile to sh ortlist the candidates for each position. Each candidate will then be asked to appear for interview. During the course of the interview I will assess the candidate’s qualification, current skills, experience and attitude towards work. I will match the candidate’s skills and abilities to the current project in hand and the projects that SuperNewMedia is likely to get in future. Those candidates that I find are most suited for the current project of SuperNewMedia will be selected by me for my new team.If SuperNewMedia decides to outsource work then it has certain advantages. It can control its costs. This is one of the major benefits of outsourcing. Some work can even be outsourced to countries in South-East Asia where the cost of labor is very low. In addition, outsourcing can increase the efficiency of SuperNewMedia. The outside providers cost structure and economies of scale can give your company a competitive advantage (Epstein. M 2004). Further, there can be decreas e in the project execution time for SuperNewMedia. Moreover, outsourcing can allow SuperNewMedia to focus on its core business. I as the project manager can concentrate on more projects if the business is outsourced. Most importantly, outsourcing can reduce the risk for SuperNewMedia. Consider the GlobalCulture-For-All project; had its major portions been outsourced at the very inception, there would be no time overrun or cost overrun.On the other hand there are some severe problems with outsourcing. At the inception SuperNewMedia will not be able to either account for or understand the hidden costs. This will increase the cost to complete the GlobalCulture-For-All project. In addition, there are increased staff training and turnover costs. These costs are difficult to account for but will have to be borne by SuperNewMedia. Further, there are worker inefficiencies at the inception stage that lead to sharp increases in the total costs and make the project uneconomical. Finally, Super NewMedia should note that the startup costs are so high that it takes one to two years of outsourcing before the cost benefits of outsourcing are achieved. For this reason SuperNewMedia should avoid going in for outsourcing unless it is assured of a steady stream of projects of building websites.The rationale for not outsourcing the GlobalCulture-For-All website development project is that SuperNewMedia will be required to negotiate contracts for website making with contractors abroad. There will be a huge initial cost involved for training of foreign personnel, initial inefficiencies and startup costs. This cost can be defrayed if the contract is negotiated for more that two years. However, there is no evidence that contracts similar to that of GlobalCulture-For-All will flow into SuperNewMedia.My communication strategy will include several elements that will enable team members that are freelance to participate in the project. First, I will read the codes prepared by designers and programmers and offer advice on improvement. Second, I will understand that website development sometimes leads to dead ends and errors and these portions need to be redone. Third, I will follow the progress of every worker in my team wherever he is located so that I can estimate that he is on target as far as time for completion is concerned. Fourth, I will check that every designer and programmer is following the industry best practice. I will establish criteria for test-case creation and code testability and make sure that these requirements are not ignored by anyone in my team. Fifth, since I am the project manager, I will understand what each member is doing at a high level and guide my team members with directions irrespective of where they are located. Sixth, I the project manager will understand and know what different team members are doing in their different locations. I understand the technical details and if any work is being done incorrectly or is behind schedule, I wi ll know it. I am confident of it (Krishna. S, Sahay. S Nicholson. B 2003).The communication tools that I will use to enable the team members that are abroad or that are freelance to participate in the project will be weblogs. Even though there will be some use of e-mails and discussion forums the main communication tools will be weblogs. Weblogs are the most popular online creation tools and these are available easily over the web. The information will be presented in the form of a journal and is suitable for use among teams. This will help connect the SuperNewMedia team members.To sum, I as the project manager need a team that has the education, skills and experience that is appropriate for developing an excellent website in reasonable cost and in reasonable time. There has been procrastination in SuperNewMedia because the current team is not suited for website development. This situation can be ameliorated by recruiting a fresh team.

Indirect Speech Definition and Examples

Indirect Speech Definition and Examples Indirect speech  is a report on what someone else said or wrote without using that persons exact words (which is called direct speech). Its also called  indirect discourse or reported speech.   Direct vs. Indirect Speech In direct speech, a persons exact words are placed in quotation marks and set off with a comma and a reporting clause or signal phrase,  such as said or asked. In fiction writing, using direct speech  can display  the emotion of an important scene in vivid detail through the words themselves as well as the description of how something was said. In nonfiction writing or journalism, direct speech  can emphasize a particular point, by using a sources exact words. Indirect speech is paraphrasing what someone said or wrote. In writing, it functions to move a piece  along by boiling down points that an interview source made. Unlike direct speech, indirect speech is  not  usually placed inside quote marks. However, both are attributed to the speaker because they come directly from a source. How to Convert In the first  example below,  the  verb  in the  present tense  in the line of direct speech (is)  may change to the  past tense  (was) in indirect speech, though it doesnt necessarily have to with a present-tense verb.  If it makes sense in context to keep it present tense, thats fine. Direct speech:  Where is your textbook? the teacher asked me.Indirect speech:  The teacher asked me  where my textbook was.Indirect speech: The teacher asked me where my textbook is. Keeping the present tense in  reported speech  can give the impression of  immediacy, that its being reported soon after the direct quote,such as: Direct speech:  Bill said, I cant come in today, because Im sick.Indirect speech:  Bill said (that) he cant come in today because hes sick. Future Tense An action in the future (present continuous tense or future)  doesnt have to change verb tense, either, as these examples demonstrate. Direct speech:  Jerry said, Im  going to buy a new car.Indirect speech:  Jerry said (that) hes going to buy  a new car.Direct speech:  Jerry said, I will buy a new car.Indirect speech:  Jerry said (that) he will buy a new car. Indirectly reporting an action in the future can change verb tenses when needed. In this next example, changing the  am going  to was going implies that she has already left for the mall. However, keeping the tense progressive or continuous  implies that the action continues, that shes still at the mall and not back yet. Direct speech:  She said, Im going to the mall.Indirect speech:  She said (that) she was going to the mall.Indirect speech: She said (that) she is going to the mall. Other Changes With a past-tense verb in the direct quote, the verb changes to past perfect. Direct speech:  She said,  I went to the mall.Indirect speech:  She said (that)  she had gone to the mall. Note the change in first person (I) and second person (your)  pronouns  and  word order  in the indirect versions. The person has to change because the one  reporting the action is not the one actually doing it. Third person (he or she) in direct speech remains in the third person. Free Indirect Speech In  free indirect speech, which is  commonly used in fiction, the reporting clause  (or signal phrase) is omitted. Using the technique is a way to follow a characters point of view- in third-person limited omniscient- and show her thoughts intermingled with narration. Typically in fiction italics show a characters exact thoughts, and quote marks show dialogue. Free indirect speech makes do without the italics and simply combines the internal thoughts of the character with the narration of the story. Writers who have used this technique include James Joyce, Jane Austen, Virginia Woolf, Henry James, Zora Neale Hurston, and D.H. Lawrence.

American and British English Pronunciation Differences

American and British English pronunciation differences From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Comparison of American and British English| American English British English| Computing| Keyboards| Orthography| Spelling| Speech| Accent Pronunciation| Vocabulary| American words not widely used in BritainBritish words not widely used in AmericaWords having different meanings in British and American English: A–L  Ã‚ · M–Z| Works| Works with different titles in the UK and US| * v * t * e| | This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (October 2012) | | This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. October 2012) | Differences in pronunciation between American English (AmE) and British English (BrE) can be divided into: * differences in accent (i. e. phoneme inventory and realisation). See differences between General American and Received Pronunciation for the standard accents in the United States and Britain; for information about other accents see regional accents of English speakers. * differences in the pronunciation of individual words in the lexicon (i. . phoneme distribution). In this article, transcriptions use Received Pronunciation (RP) to represent BrE and General American (GAm) and to represent AmE. In the following discussion * superscript A2 after a word indicates the BrE pronunciation of the word is a common variant in AmE * superscript B2 after a word indicates the AmE pronunciation of the word is a common variant in BrE Contents * 1 Stress * 1. French stress * 1. 2 -ate and -atory * 1. 3 Miscellaneous stress * 2 Affixes * 2. 1 -ary -ery -ory -bury, -berry, -mony * 2. 2 -ile * 2. 3 -ine * 3 Weak forms * 4 Miscellaneous pronunciation differences * 4. 1 Single differences * 4. 2 Multiple differences * 5 References| Stress French stress For many loanwo rds from French where AmE has final-syllable stress, BrE stresses an earlier syllable. Such words include: * BrE first-syllable stress: adultA2,B2, balletA2, baton, beret, bidet, blase, brevetA2, brochureB2, buffet, cafeA2, canardB2, chagrin, chaletA2, chauffeurA2,B2, chiffon, clicheB2, coupe, croissant, debrisB2, debut, decor, detailA2, detenteB2, flambe, frappe, garageB2, gateau, gourmetA2, lame, montageA2, parquet, pastel, pastille, pate, precis, sachet, salon, soupcon, vaccine; matinee, negligee, nonchalant, nondescript; also some French names, including BernardB2, Calais, Degas, Dijon, Dumas, Francoise, ManetA2, Maurice, MonetA2, Pauline, Renault, ReneB2, Renoir, Rimbaud, DelacroixB2. BrE second-syllable stress: attache, consomme, decollete, declasse, De Beauvoir, Debussy, demode, denouement, distingue, Dubonnet, escargot, expose, fiance(e)A2, retrousse A few French words have other stress differences: * AmE first-syllable, BrE last-syllable: addressA2 (postal), moustacheA2; cigaretteA2, limousineB2, magazineB2, * AmE first-syllable, BrE second-syllable: liaisonA2 , macrame, Renaissance (AmE also final-syllable stress) * AmE second-syllable, BrE last-syllable: New OrleansA2 -ate and -atory Most 2-syllable verbs ending -ate have first-syllable stress in AmE and second-syllable stress in BrE. This includes castrate, dictateA2, donateA2, locateA2, mandateB2, migrate, placate, prostrate, pulsate, rotate, serrateA2,B2, spectate, striated, translateA2, vacate, vibrate; in the case of cremate, narrate, placate, the first vowel is in addition reduced to /? / in BrE. Examples where AmE and BrE match include create, debate, equate, elate, negate, orate, relate with second-syllable stress (though in American usage, orate occasionally attracts first-syllable stress); and mandate and probate with first-syllable stress.