Comparing Aristotle and Plato Essay - 793 Words

Comparing Aristotle and Plato We have two great philosophers, Plato and Aristotle. These are great men, whose ideas have not been forgotten over years. Although their thoughts of politics were similar, we find some discrepancies in their teachings. The ideas stem from Socrates to Plato to Aristotle. Plato based moral knowledge on abstract reason, while Aristotle grounded it on experience and tried to apply it more to concrete living. Both ways of life are well respected by many people today. Plato started his teachings in remembrance of his good friend, Socrates. After his death he traveled back to Italy and studied under Pythagoras. Some years later he began The Academy. Much of the curriculum taught was dedicated to the†¦show more content†¦Peoples soul are made up of several parts, as will be shown along the way, each mans main concern and occupation in life should be to build harmony and unity. Politics is the way a person expresses how his or her order in life can be used for everyone, the image of their own inner order or disorder reflected in his social life. A person cannot live alone, because one is a social animal, one must act; politics becomes an important part of the mind. Politics are simply the means of bringing order into the world of men through laws that are the product of rational nature. It is the ultimate concern of the philosopher, the one of wisdom, to bring this order forward. Aristotle at the age of 17 attended The Academy founded by Plato. Recall that The Academy had been set up using the principles that were later set out in Platos major work, The Republic. Aristotle continued at The Academy until the death of Plato some twenty years later. Aristotle was recognized as a brilliant independent student of philosophy. Aristotles view of politics is expressed in his writing, Politics. Rather than focusing on the individual Aristotle is more intent on the regime, and the highest goal, justice. Another main point is that people must live together, thus having a united regime. The family unit was highly respected, for the household is where people originate. Aristotles political science encompasses the twoShow MoreRelatedComparing Aristotle and Plato Essays1325 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Aristotle and Plato Aristotle argues that in order for a polis to emerge, a union between man and women must convene. Later a household must be introduced which unites with other households to form a village, villages come together to form city-states. This theory is Aristotle’s natural view that an individual can not be self sufficient Plato argues that, in order to achieve absolute justice, a city-state is needed. In The Republic, Plato builds around the idea of Philosopher RulersRead More Comparing Plato and Aristotle Essay2140 Words   |  9 PagesComparing Plato and Socrates Plato was among the most important and creative thinkers of the ancient world. He was born in Athens in 428 BC to an aristocratic and well-off family. Even as a young child Plato was familiar with political life because his father, Ariston was the last king of Athens. Ariston died when Plato was a young boy. However, the excessive Athenian political life, which was under the oligarchical rule of the Thirty Tyrants and the restored democracy, seem to have forcedRead MoreComparing Plato s And Aristotle s Speculations1066 Words   |  5 Pagescan be when their wants and needs aren’t addressed. Plato and Aristotle aim to outline a citizen that helps the State to run at its finest, but set their basis under the wrong conditions. To look at justice in the soul, Plato used the bigger idea of the State to compare it to an individual. From his reasoning, there’s a strong relationship between State and citizen and every person has a role that contributes to the bigger piece of a whole. Plato, however, doesn’t regard the individual’s wants andRead MoreEssay on Comparing and Contrasting Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle708 Words   |  3 Pagesmeditate about life, and would sit or talk and write books about life. These have always been one of Greeks reasons of why it is so famous. Because of their marvelous philosophers. The most important philosophers from that time and always are: Aristotle, Plato and Socrates. Socrates: Socrates was a very important philosopher. He usually questioned a lot about traditions, religion and government. One of his ideas, now used at school, is the Socratic Method. This is that a person asks questionsRead MoreComparing Plato And Aristotle s Idea Of Happiness1852 Words   |  8 Pagescomponent of the city and are shown in the image and likeliness of the state. This essay will seek to compare Plato and Aristotle’s idea of happiness and how it introduced different ideals and perspectives to understand and practice politics in this period, and how the mere opinion on democratic institutions by these philosophers influenced the role and influence of politics throughout generations. Plato on Happiness In Plato’s Republic, we see a challenge to find the true definition of justice, the orderRead MoreComparing The Film Dead Man Walking The Works Of Aristotle And Plato1754 Words   |  8 Pages Virtue ethics was born from the works of Aristotle and Plato. Virtue ethics focuses on a person’s character rather then the acts committed. The main goal of virtue ethics is finding happiness and becoming an excellent person. To become an excellent person, they must get rid of their vices and achieve more virtues. Vices are bad character traits about a person and virtues are good character traits. A person gets rid of their vices by following the example of an excellent person. For a person toRead MorePlato and Aristotle: An Analysis1175 Words   |  5 Pagesof Plato and Aristotle regarding the best political association. Quotes from Politics and the Republic are used to support the author’s thesis. Plato and Aristotle: An Analysis Determining the best form of political association was important to the ancient Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle, and each of them expressed his opinion in important works such as the Republic and Politics. In explaining, comparing, and contrasting the political philosophies of Plato and Aristotle, itRead MoreThe Utopian Views Of Plato And Platos Political State741 Words   |  3 PagesPhilosophers are all known for questioning and exploring Ideals; taking a look at all options and what is most important. While Aristotle and Plato both take a plunge into the unknowns of a political state, Aristotle demonstrates a state for individuals, to rule as equals, contrary to Plato’s strict utopian structure and group over individual hierarchy view of the ideal state. Plato’s ideal state is strictly structured through a utopian ideal. Everything within Plato’s ideal state has a place andRead MorePlato And Aristotle Disagree About Virtue. Plato And Aristotle1403 Words   |  6 PagesPlato and Aristotle Disagree about Virtue Plato and Aristotle are great philosophers and they have talked a lot about virtue. Although these two people started from similar settings, their ideas about virtue were actually different. Plato’s philosophy was more about non-material things, like ideas and love. On the other hand, Aristotle liked things that are more measurable and physicals. In this paper, I will first discuss Plato’s ideas about the nature of virtue, which people have virtue when theyRead MoreComparing The Political Theories Of Two Philosophers1444 Words   |  6 PagesDominic Bressi Prof. Catherine Chaput CH 201 15 October 2014 When comparing the political theories of two renowned philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, one must first focus on the merits of each of their own theories in depth. Plato is often considered as the first writer of political philosophy while Aristotle is considered the first political scientist. Though Aristotle was once a student of Plato, the two differ on the topic of how to best improve society for the benefit of mankind. Thus

Essay on A New Solution to Bring Back the Smile - 1496 Words

A New Solution to Bring Back the Smile Robert Liney is a divorced 34-year-old lawyer with four year old, a six year old, and an eight year old. Robert lives outside of Morristown, New Jersey and commutes an hour each way to his law firm. His law firm handles corporate mergers, and on average Robert works 60 to 70 hours a week. About two years ago, Robert and his wife, Marie, got divorced because of his busy schedule. On days when Bob gets custody of the kids, he does not have a lot of time to prepare dinner. McDonald’s fits well into his budget, is conveniently located on his way home from work, provides a great atmosphere for family dining, and, to top it all off, the kids love the Happy Meals. Robert and his children†¦show more content†¦It all began in 1941 in San Bernardino, California, when Dick and Mac McDonald opened their first drive-in restaurant. It was carhops that they relied on, waiters that would go from car to car and take orders from the customers parked in the lot. Then in 1 948, they changed the format of their restaurant to a self-service window and standardized their preparation methods to the â€Å"Speedee Service System†. This system allowed them to become consistent with exact product specifications and customized equipment. Ray Kroc met the brothers in 1954. He held the national marketing rights to the multimixers used in the restaurants to make milkshakes. Kroc became very interested in the way the McDonald’s brothers did business. He became a national franchise agent for the brothers, and founded the McDonald’s chain. The McDonald’s chain featured a limited menu, low prices and fast service. This is something that the restaurant is still known for today. But, as with any business, there are still faults. One of McDonald’s faults is with our customer service. According to internal documents obtained by the Dow Jones Newswires and posted on McDonald’s in-house company Web site, â€Å"On any given day, 11% of McDonald’s customers are dissatisfied with their visit and take the time to share their complaint with the restaurant.† This is a serious problem that the management must deal with. Richard Gibson of the Wall Street JournalShow MoreRelatedDental Plan For Pioneer Dental Group1333 Words   |  6 Pagesteam are proud to welcome you to our office, and we look forward to providing you with the care you need throughout all Oregon City and the surrounding areas. We specialize in family dentistry and can see patients in our office from ages one to 101. Bring everyone in on the same day for dental checkups and spend more time at home instead of traveling to multiple dental offices. Dental exams and cleanings are an essential part of your health. Come visit us today and start your journey toward healthyRead More`` Thou Shalt Never Surprise? ``973 Words   |  4 PagesIntro: what colleagues have said, we are global etc, direct communication ## Thou Shalt never surprise: When it comes to major problems, whether it be in a company or global news, ideally, nothing should come as a surprise, but when your economy is being affected by another country or an external occurrence that is out of your control, it becomes increasingly difficult to predict problems. ## Does â€Å"Black Monday† ring a bell to anyone? On August 24th, the Chinese government depreciated their currencyRead MoreI Feel That Work Life Balance831 Words   |  4 Pagesevil from his youth† (Gen. 8:21, NIV), so I must guard it. In a corporate office this can be challenging because one cannot fully control the things that are being said and done by others, but through having a relationship with my heavenly father brings me peace within the midst of chaos. A verse in the word of God that instructs and drives me is, â€Å"rejoice always, pray without ceasing, and give thanks in all circumstances; for this is the will of God in Christ Jesus for you† (I Thessalonians 5:16-18Read MoreLaughter Is the Best Medicine1282 Words   |  6 Pagesenergy level and reduce stress.   These are just a few of the ways that laughter can improve your health: * Laughter is relaxing. A good session of laughing can relieve muscle tension and make you feel more relaxed.   This in turn can calm you and bring a general sense of well being. * Laughter can boost your immune system. Infection-fighting antibodies are released when you laugh.   Stress hormones are decreased as laughter reduces stress. * Laughter can reduce chronic pain. Medical studiesRead MoreWhat Makes A Your First Visit As Quick And Efficient As Possible?1232 Words   |  5 PagesIn order to make your first visit as quick and efficient as possible, we’ve uploaded our new patient forms here to our website! You can download these forms, print them, fill them out, and return them at your first appointment, putting you one step closer to great orthodontic care! If you have trouble opening this file, you may need to download Adobe Reader. Don’t hesitate to contact us with any questions you have – we’re here to make sure your experience goes smoothly! You can reach us at 337-465-4139Read MoreThe Tree Of Life Has Many Meanings868 Words   |  4 Pagesfeel empowered to provide all my strength for the betterment of our world as I seek the natural smile in people’s faces. Our fight against hunger is endless, but it is also true for the fight against disease. In many hospitals, I have seen how teamwork can be an undefeatable force as nurses and doctors cooperate to perform surgery on every patient they encounter while giving their best to bring life back to their patients. Modern medicine has been the key to curing diseases, however some natural medicineRead MoreAnalysis Of King David s Court1470 Words   |  6 Pagesyou know this?† a stun King Robert counters. â€Å"The Royal Seeker told me before you left.† He steps back, eyeing everyone in the room. â€Å"Call him forth, if you all do not believe me.† The king, believing Gabriel’s words were indeed a lie, turns to the only brother he can trust and commands. â€Å"Find the Royal Seeker and bring him to me.† Fabian nods, moving swiftly past his uncle. King Robert sits back down in his chair, once Fabian was out of sight, and says to Gabriel. â€Å"That is not the entire storyRead MoreHealth And Wellness : Positive Or Negative?1322 Words   |  6 Pagesnegative you reflects your attitude about life. And your attitude about life may reflect long you live. That’s right. New studies reveal that having a better attitude may actually help you live longer. 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TheRead MoreMerits And Demerits Of State Funding1263 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Through this essay I will look to explore the merits and demerits of State funding for Community-led Organisations (CLOs) to bring empty properties back into use using a selfhelp model. In doing so, I will hope to explore the wider benefits and the secondary effects of the policy by utilising two case studies that explore the role of two CLOs in two disparate regions of the United Kingdom and how their operations utilised the Empty Housing Community Grant Programme (EHCGP) to achieve

Human Trafficing Free Essays

CAUSES (Why does this problem exist? What situations have brought it about? Who or what is responsible? ) 1. Similar to traditional slavery; owner has complete control over the person. SOURCE (Author’s last name and page number where you found the information on – just put web if found online. We will write a custom essay sample on Human Trafficing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Put the â€Å"Title† if no author): Cullen-DuPont 7 2. Debt cause people to go towards this SOURCE (Author’s last name and page number where you found the information on – just put web if found online. Put the â€Å"Title† if no author): Cullen-DuPont 7 3. 35,000 minor girls in prostitution in Thailand SOURCE (Author’s last name and page number where you found the information on – just put web if found online. Put the â€Å"Title† if no author): Cullen-DuPont 12 4. purpose of exploitation(prostitution, forced labour/slavery and the removal of organs) SOURCE â€Å"What is Human Trafficking? † web 5. CST(child sex tourism)- when men and women travel to have intercourse with children SOURCE (Author’s last name and page number where you found the information on – just put web if found online. Put the â€Å"Title† if no author): : Cullen-DuPont 13 6. traders take advantage of women by gaining trust; abroad jobs or boyfriends’ take them on vacation. SOURCE (Author’s last name and page number where you found the information on – just put web if found online. Put the â€Å"Title† if no author): Cullen-DuPont 10 7. anchorage man used cocaine, and abuse to obtain his victims to stay as prostitutes SOURCE â€Å"Huma n Trafficking: Today’s Slave Trade† web CAUSES (Why does this problem exist? What situations have brought it about? Who or what is responsible? ) 8. Organized crime SOURCE â€Å"What Is the Role of Transnational Organized Crime Groups in Human Trafficking? † web 9. ifferent from smuggling, but like it SOURCE â€Å"How is Human Trafficking Different from Migrant Smuggling? † web 10. Trafficking victims are often hidden in plain sight SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking† web 11. some employers instruct the victim on what to do when the police come SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking† web 12. guards and cameras to make sure no one escapes SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking† web 13. victim can’t usually attend social stuff and religious sermons SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking† web 14. Florida 3rd for human trafficking SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking Bill Clears Legislature† web CAUSES (Why does this problem exist? What situations have brought it about? Who or what is responsible? ) 15. Prosecutions rare; victims are afraid to come forward SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking Bill Clears Legislature† web 16. Human smuggling- illegal entry of a person across a border SOURCE â€Å"Distinctions between Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking 2006† web 17. Human smuggling sometimes involved in human trafficking SOURCE â€Å"Distinctions between Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking 2006† web 18. gender inequality is used to obtain women SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 25 19. Belgium Germany Greece Israel Italy Japan and Netherlands all very high trafficking places SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 25 20. many men buy their wives SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 25 EFFECTS / NATURE OF THE PROBLEM (DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM ; HOW IT AFFECTS PEOPLE. ) 1. slaveholder has complete control SOURCE (Author’s last name and page number where you found the information on – just put web if found online. Put the â€Å"Title† if no author): Cullen- DuPont 7 2. recruiting, transporting or receiving a person by force, coercion or other mean to exploit them SOURCE â€Å"What is Human Trafficking? † web 3. Threat or use of force, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power giving payments to control victim SOURCE â€Å"What is Human Trafficking? † web 4. in Thailand girl went into prostitution to obtain money for her parents SOURCE (Author’s last name and page number where you found the information on – just put web if found online. Put the â€Å"Title† if no author): Cullen-DuPont 13 5. this effects every country in the world SOURCE â€Å"Which Countries are affected By Human Trafficking? † web 6. Asia has the most problems SOURCE â€Å"Which Countries are affected By Human Trafficking? † web 7. Mostly women SOURCE â€Å"What Is The Most Commonly Identified Form Of Human Trafficking? † web EFFECTS / NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 8. 1,000,000 people a year 20,000 of them in USA SOURCE â€Å"HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND SLAVERY† web 9. Victims are put into isolation SOURCE â€Å"Distinctions between Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking 2006† web 10. sex trafficking- when victim forced prostitution SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking† web 11. STDs can be spread rapidly SOURCE Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000. 22 USC 7101 12. Asian countries (India Philippines and Thailand) all use child sex tourism SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 13 13. 4 year olds are taken into trafficking SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 13 14. kids kidnapped by strangers. SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 12 EFFECTS / NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 15. kids vulnerable to forced labor SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 21 16. Sexual exploration counts a forced labor SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 20 17. forced labor not categorized as sexual exploration SOURCE Cullen-DuPont 20 18. considered fastest growing criminal industries SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking† web 19. about 100,000 kids in trafficking each year SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking† web 20. forced labor in stores SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking† web SOLUTIONS (How are people helping right now? What theories exist about how to help? What organizations and people are working for this cause? What laws exist to help? ) 1. UNODC(United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention) helping US with problem SOURCE: â€Å"What is Human Trafficking? † web 2. UNODC wants to end Human Trafficking SOURCE : â€Å"What is Human Trafficking? † web 3. Number of caught convicts is increasing SOURCE â€Å"Do Many Traffickers Get Caught and Convicted? † web 4. . Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) SOURCE â€Å" Anti-Trafficking in Persons† web 5. T-Visa created for victims of trafficking in US SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking and Slavery† web 6. 22 USC 7101- defines sever forms of trafficking SOURCE: â€Å"Distinctions between Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking 2006† web 7. the declaration of independence states how everyone is worthy SOURCE Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 22USC 7101 SOLUTIONS 8. laws fail to help HT for most are illegal immigrants SOURCE Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 22USC 7101 9. weak penalties of HT in the US SOURCE Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 22USC 7101 10. HT includes violations of many laws of rape SOURCE Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 22USC 7101 11. US agrees that HT is against human rights SOURCE (Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 22USC 7101 12. some countries also hinder penalties against HT SOURCE Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 22USC 7101 13. public service announcements are made to warm people of HT SOURCE â€Å"Prevention â€Å"web 14. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons- February 2009 SOURCE â€Å"Prevention â€Å"web SOLUTIONS 15. Community Vigilance project- this is found in many villages to prevent HT SOURCE â€Å"Prevention â€Å"web 16. in 2009 202 convicts were arrested, these numbers are increasing SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking: Putting a Stop to Modern-Day Slavery† web 17. Human Trafficking Initiative in 2005- FBI SOURCE â€Å"Human Trafficking: Putting a Stop to Modern-Day Slavery† web 18. Project to End Human Trafficking- found 2004 SOURCE â€Å"About Us† web 19 educating the public about HT SOURCE â€Å"Mission Statement† web 20. mental doctor s to help victims SOURCE â€Å"Mission Statement† web How to cite Human Trafficing, Papers

Health and Social Care Mental Health Practice

Question: Discuss about the Article on Health and Social Care? Answer: Initiatives in promoting the anti-discriminatory practices: There exists several national legislations and policies which is made and placed so as to ensure that the individuals are in no circumstances discriminated based on any or their circumstances. These national wide policies include the mental health act as well as the mental capacity act of the year 2005. There is also a strong the tendency of the mentally ill patient who are being stigmatised by people and even by the health care professionals who are mainly meant to take care of their health. Thus, these pieces of legislations are made by the government (Monds-Watson, Manktelow McColgan, 2010). The act basically came into effect in the year 2007 right after a series of cases which were reported which concerns serious abuse and also neglecting which was found in the mental health organisation institutions that is characterised with discrimination. This act was made so as to protect the service users from any kind of abuse and by discrimination. The aim of the service user for the mental health patient is for removing stigmatisation associate from the mentally illness. Under Section 127 of this act, such an offence attracts a maximum penalty which extends up to five years for the ill treatment of such a patient (Ahmed, 2007). The allocation or appointment of the independent mental health helper or advocate enables to speak out in support of the detained patients. But still, despite introduction of this piece of legislation, this major issue such a kind of discrimination and also the prejudice towards the mentally ill people still exist which is really a sad situation. Though there are many factors which seem to be positive and encouraging so as to tackle this alarming situation, but still the situation requires mat fold improvement and serious and strong eye plus actions against the defaulters. Difficulties in implementing the Anti-Discriminatory Practise: While implementing the Anti-Discriminatory Practise in health and social care settings, there are so many hurdles and difficulties which may come across, these may include the following; 1. The care providers may not understand the real importance of promoting the anti-discriminatory practice (Underhill, Boucher, Roper Berry, 2012). 2. Huddle regards the beliefs and the values of the Care providers. 3. Lack of ability to put service users at the heart of the service provision. 4. The possibility of the Care provider not being much committed to the care value base of the policy. 5. The Stereotyping plus the assumptions. 6. Possibility of non respect of the service users rights and their wellbeing. 7. Funds limitation. 8. Religious and the cultural values may also become a cause of conflict. Serious difficulties may be noticed while trying to implement the anti-discriminatory practices. It is of prompt importance that a quick action which is very professional against discriminatory actions happen as required to the satisfaction of the person who is being discriminated (McKenzie, Rae, MacLean, Megson Wilson, 2006). The care is very important that they receive plus should be achieved and met at a quite standard, but this may not be implemented in case someone is judged by background, uplifting, culture, race Sex and even religion. The staff personnel who are responsible for care may definitely treat them with prompt care and also differently because of being prejudice. Success of the recent initiatives: As the discrimination is a very large and widespread problem nowadays, this equality act is really very invaluable for people who are likely to face or suffer the effects of the pre-employment as well as employment. It also is a very strong act that applies to about each and everyone plus affects the way the organisation is run and thus makes up a very good amount and situation of how the work is basically carried out. New roles have been created in the areas of the mental health which allows the psychologist, nurses and the other occupational workers in the health sector to become something which is known as the approved mental health professionals (Toklu, 2015). The persons related to the AMHP are trained in such a way to promote the anti discriminatory practices. The childrens who are facing the mental illness are going through the different processes as compared to the adults and come under the different section in the act of the mental health. The disability discrimination act 2005 also helped a lot in promoting the anti discriminatory practices, as this act applies to those having some sort of disabilities. This act helps to protect the rights of the disabled peoples against the discrimination in providing any services or the facilities to such persons. Hence the different act which was initiated in promoting the anti discriminatory practices has supported the peopled in many ways, and hence changes provide better services of the health care to the society (Wakefield, Furber, Boggis, Sutton Cooke, 2003). Overcoming the difficulties: While working in the health care or the social care it is important for one to promote the anti- discriminatory practices, whereas in the implementation of such practices there may be some difficulties. In the health care and the social care one may come across the professionals and the workers, which may show discrimination to some certain users of the services. This approach of the professionals and the workers may make the users feel unworthy and can also lower their self esteem and confidence (Eldridge, 2012). If one sees this happening can challenge the professionals or the workers who are following the practices of the discrimination, this may sometimes be difficult as this may raise the conflict. Hence, its important for one to remain calm and to tell the workers as per your believe what they did was wrong. The language and communication may also act as a barrier and also prevent the implementation of the anti discriminatory practices in many different ways. Another difficulty which arises is the usage of the jargon which may prevent the promotion of the anti discriminatory practices of the social and the health care (McDonnell Jones, 2010). This may also cause the professionals annoyed as the service user will not be able to understand what is being said to him due to the use of the jargon. Hence, overcoming such difficulties, its the duty of the Health department and the social care and local health organisations to take such proactive steps for addressing the unequal access and outcomes experienced by some sections of the community. References Ahmed, B. (2007). Teaching critical psychology of race issues: problems in promoting anti-racist practice.J. Community. Appl. Soc. Psychol.,18(1), 54-67. Eldridge, T. (2012). Overcoming barriers to implementing recommended practices.AORN Journal,95(5), 566. McDonnell, J., Jones, C. (2010). Overcoming the difficulties of benchmarking in mental health.Mental Health Practice,13(6), 26-30. McKenzie, K., Rae, H., MacLean, H., Megson, P., Wilson, S. (2006). difficulties faced by social care staff when managing challenging behaviour.Learning Disability Practice,9(2), 28-32. Monds-Watson, A., Manktelow, R., McColgan, M. (2010). Social Work with Children when Parents have Mental Health Difficulties: Acknowledging Vulnerability and Maintaining the Rights of the Child.Child Care In Practice,16(1), 35-55. Toklu, H. (2015). Promoting evidence-based practice in pharmacies.IPRP, 127. Underhill, M., Boucher, J., Roper, K., Berry, D. (2012). Symptom Management Excellence Initiative: Promoting Evidence-Based Oncology Nursing Practice.Clinical Journal Of Oncology Nursing,16(3), 247-250. Wakefield, A., Furber, C., Boggis, C., Sutton, A., Cooke, S. (2003). Promoting interdisciplinarity through educational initiative: a qualitative evaluation.Nurse Education In Practice,3(4), 195-203.

A True Nature of the Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect in a Society

A True Nature of the Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect in a Society Discussion on the Assignment Additional Page The solutions to the problems defined in the project have to be properly organized and based on credible information and the results of the observations. Child abuse is the concept that touches upon millions of families (Cloitre, Cohen, Koenen, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A True Nature of the Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect in a Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some children face sexual abuse problems, many children have psychological problems because of parental neglect, and there are also the children, who have the problems based on physical abuse (Lemoncelli, 2012). The outcomes of child abuse usually depend on a variety of factors like the age of a child, the type of relation between a child and a perpetrator, and, of course, the type of maltreatment (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2013). This is why the chosen problem, a variety of child abuse effects, seems to be the most crucial in the project. In general, the evaluation of the behavior of the children suffered from abuse and their parental neglect shows that the effects may be long-term and short-term (Sousa, Herrenkohl, Moylan, Tajima, Klika, Herrenkohl, Russo, 2011). Parents are not always able to understand how dangerous their maltreatment can be in regards to the future of their children. Parents cannot ask for professional help as they are afraid of some criminal consequences, this is why the outcomes of their inabilities lead to a considerable rising of the financial costs of child abuse (Fang, Brown, Florence, Mercy, 2012).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Professional help and therapy are obligatory for children, who become the victims of maltreatment and abuse within a short period of time. Unfortunately, the investigations prove that the effects of child abuse appear with time and have to be treated on a special level (Cloitre, Cohen, Koenen, 2011). Problem Solution The existing variety of the effects and the inabilities to identify them properly and in time is the problem that has to be solved during current research on the child abuse effects and the reasons of parental neglect. There are several ideas of how the chosen problem should be evaluated, and several methods that can be used to solve the problem that may be implemented with the already known investigations (Fang et al., 2012; Moylan et al., 2010). As it has been already stated, the effects of child abuse and parental neglect is a social issue, this is why it has to be solved within a particular society. The problem solution process should begin with an identification of a community within the frames of which it is possible to organize a project. It is necessary to prove that child abuse is a vital problem, and the question of parental neglect and maltreatment is open and needs more answers and explanations. It is not enough to use the already known statistics and base the project on the fact that more than half a million American children are the victims of their parents’ maltreatment (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The up-to-date material may be based on the real-life examples and evidence. The solution of the problem under consideration should be based on the following steps:Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A True Nature of the Effects of Child Abuse and Neglect in a Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The identification of the reasons of child abuse and parental neglect; The classification of the child abuse effects and their possible extend; The preventive methods that can be used for each type of abuse; The description of a diagnosis and the identification of treatment for children, who suffer from abuse; Th e ideas of how to involve more people to protect children, who are not able to cope with the challenges of abuse and neglect. Social Implications Social implications of the chosen problem are crucial indeed. First, the project serves as a powerful proof that child abuse is a problem for discussion. Second, it should be proved that a society, as a whole, is the body that takes responsibility for its children. If children suffer from the inabilities to overcome abuse and neglect, the society should think about the most effective methods to improve the situation. Finally, the development of special programs and the creation of special organizations directed to the treatment of abused children should be promoted. For example, there is the National Child Traumatic Stress Network that aims at identifying the standards of care for abused children (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2013). There are also many organizations that use hypnosis with children survived traumas because of their p arents’ maltreatment (Degun-Mather, 2006). All these methods are effective and help to define the nature of child abuse (Iwaniec, 2006), but they have less in common with the necessity to prevent the cases of child abuse and improve parent-children relations. The current project should help to define the effects of child abuse and think about the prevention of maltreatment taking into consideration the evaluation of child’s condition, health, and the effects of abuse.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fang et al. (2012) identify short-term and long-term health care costs, Sousa et al. (2011) work with the social problems, and Moylan et al. (2010) focus on the problems with behavior. Each investigation is a specific answer to the question why child abuse should be prevented. However, the researchers do not give suggestions but state the facts. These are the main limitations of such projects, and social implications of the project under analysis teach that it is possible to change the situation in case certain measurements to be taken. Capstone Reflection The problems people face during their childhood are characterized by a number of considerable marks. Children cannot even guess that parental neglect may define their future qualities and abilities. Some children cannot even recognize a case of child abuse and do not find it necessary to address some experts for help (Stalker McArthur, 2012). The identification of such problems and inabilities serve as the basis for the project a bout child abuse and its effects. Children may suffer from emotional, physical, sexual, and other types of abuse (Cloitre, 2011), and each type of abuse has its own effects on a child. This is why it is not only necessary but crucially important to know how to help children, who survived abuse, and treat them properly in regards to the effects of child abuse (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2013). The capstone project under analysis is an opportunity to understand better parents and their decisions to treat their children poorly, learn the effects that can be observed after the cases of child abuse, and know how to prevent maltreatment if it is possible. The projects by Degun-Mather (2006) about the benefits of hypnosis, Fang et al. (2012) about the economic challenges caused by child abuse, and Moylan et al. (2010) about the peculiarities of domestic violence explain how it is better to identify the effects of child abuse and the possible impact of society on children and their parents. Reference List Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Child Maltreatment: Consequences. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2013). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect. Web. Cloitre, M., Cohen, L.R., Koenen, K.C. (2011). Treating survivors of childhood abuse: Psychotherapy for the interrupted life. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Degun-Mather, M. (2006). Hypnosis, dissociation and survivors of child abuse: Understanding and treatment. West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons. Fang, X., Brown, D.S., Florence, C.S., Mercy, J.A. (2012). The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse Neglect, 36(2), 156-165. Gloud, F., Clarke, J., Heim, C., Harvey, P.D., Majer, M., Nemeroff, C.B. (2012). The effects of child abuse and neglect on cognitive functioning in adulthood. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(4), 500-506. Iwaniec, D. (2006). The emotionally abused an d neglected child: Identification, assessment and intervention. West Sussex, England: John Wiley Sons. Lemoncelli, J.J. (2012). Healing from childhood abuse: Understanding the effects, taking control to recover. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. Moylan, C.A., Herrenkohl, T.I., Sousa, C., Tajima, E.A., Herrenkohl, R.C., Russo, M.J. (2010). The effects of child abuse and exposure to domestic violence on adolescent internalising and externalising behaviour problems. Journal of Family Violence, 25(1), 53-63. Sousa, C., Herrenkohl, T.I., Moylan, C.A., Tajima, E.A., Klika, J.B., Herrenkohl, R.C., Russo,. M.J. (2011). Longitudinal study on the effects of child abuse and children’s exposure to domestic violence, parent-child attachments, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(1), 111-136. Stalker, K McArthur, K. (2012). Child abuse, child protection and disabled children: A review of recent research. Child Abuse Review, 21(1), 24-40.

Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman Essays

Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman Essays Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman Paper Jasper Jones as a Bildungsroman Paper Jasper Jones, a novel set in the mid-1960’s, is the story of an adolescent boy, Charlie Bucktin. It illustrates that making choices is a significant part of human behaviour. Individuals have to live with the consequences of their decisions. Studying this novel written by Craig Silvery in 2009, broadens an understanding of the process of choices and draws conclusions about the factors involved in coming of age. In other words, Jasper Jones is a bildungsroman. The main protagonist Charlie is best described as a wallflower, the improbable hero who seems to shy away from conflict and perceives the world on the basis of words written by the likes of Harper Lee and Mark Twain. Silvey’s extremely careful composition of Charlie aids and enables us to perceive the story on a highly un-biased, open-minded and impartial basis. Within the first chapter, Charlie is placed in an unfamiliar situation, challenging and awakening his initial thoughts on what is right and wrong, thoughts like â€Å"We have drowned her.† â€Å"We are monsters†. The youthful, sheltered boy who commits this act alongside the infamous Jasper Jones and begins his journey with an undying sense of doubt, but we soon see how Charlie perceives Jasper, his fellow accomplice; â€Å"I think he’s the most honest person in this town†. This bold bond, formed in secrecy, exposes young Charlie to ever-looming maturity, a window into a world that leaves the truth bare and reveals the faults that lie within the streets of Corrigan. Charlie has yet to experience this in its full force but Jasper’s presence prompts the rise of inquisitive questions in his mind. A cry for help from the town’s half-caste misfit triggers the Charlie’s development into adulthood. We the reader get to see the gradual evolution of moral understanding that he endures as he observes the world the adults. This quote from just after the night he sees Laura Wishart’s body, â€Å"This night has pickpocketed m

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The IASB at a Crossroads - Assignment Example IFRS ensures high quality standards in financial reporting of financial statements globally by promoting transparency, accountability and integrity in financial reporting. High quality financial reports enable the making of effective decisions IFRS decreases the cost of capital and provides institutional investors with the ability to make well-informed decisions by comparing investment portfolio. Companies trading in the stock market are required to comply with IFRS. IFRS helps to reduce information asymmetry and reduces transaction costs thus reducing the cost of capital. This helps attract Foreign Direct Investments. IFRS also promotes better management control systems. Despite the benefits adoption of IFRS faces quite a number of challenges. There is lack of public awareness on the use of IFRS and its benefits to regulatory authorities and investors. This is because of lack of information on IFRS. There is chronic shortage of competent professionals in some countries especially developing countries to implement IFRS. Most of these countries still use previous accounting practices which IFRS is phasing out. The IASB is ambiguous in its requirement on the adoption of IFRS globally. For instance, the less developed countries would simply adopt the standards without putting in appropriate legislative measures. A few industry players would adopt IFRS and yet the country would be registered as an adopter of IFRS. The IASB can promote updating of academic curricula in universities and training institutions across the world in order to raise public awareness on the use of IFRS and raise competent professionals who can implement IFRS. IASB can continuously publish pronouncements and embark on capacity building programs on IFRS to provide more information to investors and regulatory

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Containment policies - Essay Example The Divine et al. (28) outlined that it prevented the actions of Soviet Union of spreading of communism ideology and doctrines across Europe, China, Korea, and Vietnam. This policy was utilized to justify the US engagement in the Vietnamese war and Korean War. Containment policy was a component of cold war and was formulated by George Kennan after the Second World War between the years 1940 to 1950’s. The US viewed communism as threat as it controlled the private life and the thoughts of its citizen (145). However, the policy lost its influence in the year 1953 after the demise Stalin. Originally, the policy was applied in 1947 by Turkey and Greece after being promised of military support, technical assistance and economic support by the American government and other non-communist nations (156-161). An analysis of three examples of the containment policy in both Europe and Asia As cited by Divine et al. (176-189) amongst the three examples of containment policies in both Europ e and Asia included: the Korean War, NATO formation, and mutually assured destruction. First, the rise of communism in the Asian continent is the last place the Soviet Union thought it would introduce communism. The Korean War is a manifestation of how the containment policy

The increasing relevance of appearance in society Essay

The increasing relevance of appearance in society - Essay Example It was mainly injured soldiers who went under the knife for reconstruction surgery (American Society of Plastic Surgeons 2011). However, since the late 1980s, the number of patients who desired cosmetic surgery began to spike; today, cosmetic surgery patients make up most plastic surgery patients. Dr. David Hargraves stated that the majority of his work now centers on aesthetic or cosmetic surgery, whereas before the 1980s he mainly performed surgeries for burns victims (Elliott 16). So, why has there been an increase in the number of patients looking for aesthetic surgery? The answer is that society has become more appearance-oriented, and many factors have contributed to this shift of thought. We can clearly see that society has moved towards a focus appearances when we consider how beauty standards have affected our lives. These days, there is a certain beauty standard that people are likely to pursue. To start with, people try to meet this standard for social reasons. Henderson-K ing and Brooks (134) state that a motivation for enhancing one’s attractiveness through cosmetic surgery is to develop one’s social status. It is a basic human desire to want to look more attractive to others, including one’s partner; this results in feeling a need to undergo cosmetic surgery (Henderson-King and Brooks 134). ... This pressure drives a person to feel dissatisfied with their body. As a result, having a negative image about their body contributes to their thinking about reshaping their bodies through surgery (Park, DiRaddo, and Calogero 110). Also, Henderson-King and Brooks (135) argue that â€Å"one mechanism through which the internalization of standards of attractiveness is likely to happen is through the influence of close others, such as mothers, fathers, and friends.† A person’s concern about being attractive is formed by their close acquaintances, as their family and friends keep transmitting messages to them through appearance-focused behavior and attitudes (Henderson-King and Brooks 135). Basically, this behavior is likely to lead to someone to feeling insecure and less confident, and this intrapersonal reason, as well as the social reason, promotes someone to change their appearance through cosmetic surgery. Among several beauty standards, the most widespread one is know n as ‘white beauty’. Across the globe, many people believe that white equals beauty. In addition, many people have a perception that white skin will result in a better economic and social status (Hunter 153). Due to these beliefs, many immigrants to the United States, such as Asians, Europeans, and African-American women, are now turning to cosmetic surgery to meet this recognized standard of beauty. This has come to be known as ‘ethnic plastic surgery’. The fact that the number of cosmetic surgeries performed from 2000 to 2008 in the United States for African-Americans increased by 145 percent and for Asians by 290 percent proves that ethnic plastic surgery has become

Nat Traversal For Video Streaming Applications Information Technology Essay

Nat Traversal For Video Streaming Applications Information Technology Essay Video streaming is considering one of the famous technologies which is used today. It provides the ability to playback video files remotely through computer networks. The demand for this technology is rapidly increasing due to wide spread of Internet and increasing of the network bandwidth[1] While HTTP protocol uses one TCP port at the transport layer, RTP can use many ports. RTP can use UDPs or TCPs ports at the transport layer depending on how much the packet path is suffered from packet loss [2]. In low packets loss environment, the use of RTP over UDP protocol is preferable, since in media streaming, the small ratio of packets loss better than packets delay. Hence, the higher reliability of the TCP is not desired[3]. UDP/RTP has also the multicasting feature and has the ability to deal with real time communication due to its features in bandwidth, jitter, reliability and end nodes processing. RTP/TCP can cause the video streaming to suffer from discontinuity because the need to retransmission and reordering the packets, whereas RTP/UDP can suffer from dropping the packets by some filters (firewalls) in the Internet Service Provider (ISPs). Some ISPs drop UDP packets because they are connectionless hence unfair against TCP traffic. They also need high processing power and memory to ensure security [4]. But the main issue that can occur is when using the RTP with the Network Address Translation (NAT). NAT drops any RTP/UDP or RTP/TCP packets that are initialized from the outside (Internet) when incoming to the end-systems (behind the NAT). The NAT is a technology that permits many computers on the same network to share a public Internet Protocol (IP) address for accessing the Internet. The main reason behind the wide spread of using the NAT is the limited number of the available IPv4 addresses [5]. The use of RTP/UDP or RTP/TCP video streaming is started with a TCP connection that is established by a request from the client to the server, after initial negotiation using the RTSP protocol on the same established TCP channel, the server starts video streaming through UDP or TCP ports initialized from the server not through the original RTSP/TCP channel [2]. The NAT permits to pass the outgoing connections requests from a host behind the NAT into the outside network (like Internet) [6], however it does not permit to pass any connection request from the outside network (like Internet) to any host behind the NAT [7]. This is because the translation table entry is constructed only when a client (behind the NAT) initializes a request to connect to a host on the outside network (Internet) [8], [9]. If the initialized request came from a host on the outside network of the NAT into the inside network, the NAT cannot identify the destination host for this request and the connection between the outside host and the inside one cannot be occur [8], [10]. Regarding to the RTP/UDP video streaming, the NAT will not allow the UDP video streaming channels to pass to the client behind the NAT, since the RTP/UDP channels are initially established from the server (on the Internet). Considering the RTP weakness points, the HTTP protocol, is the preferable choice for video streaming. However, HTTP protocol also has known weakness points: the user can suffer from quality reduction and playback discontinuity due to the probing behaviour of TCP protocol. This can also cause an oscillating throughput and slow recovery of the packet rate. In contrast, the UDP protocol provides a mean to keep the desired sending rate constant. It also keeps streaming smooth and eliminates the TCP related processing. This paper presents a novel method to utilize the benefits of both TCP and UDP. The proposed method enables NAT traversal by converting each RTP/UDP and RTCP/UDP packet into fake TCP packet just before being sent (at data link layer) by adding a fabricated TCP header before each UDP video streaming packet and making the necessary modifications to the length and checksums fields. These fabricated TCP packets will pass the NAT, since they will be transmitted on the channel (IP, TCP port) that firstly initialized (RTSP/TCP channel) by the client behind the NAT. In this paper, this channel is called the active channel. The receiver, on the other side has to restore the original UDP packet before being processed by the corresponding transport layer. The restoration is based on a specific signature. In order to restore the packets, every fabricated TCP packet has to have a known signature. Depending on that signature, the receiver will restore the original packet. All of the previous changes are performed at the data link layer. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section II, looks at some related work. In section III, the proposed methodology and algorithm are presented. In section IV, the experiments of the implemented proposed method and its discussions are described. In section V, the evaluation of the proposed method and comparisons between the proposed method and the existing technologies are presented. The paper is concluded is section VI. Related work Limited to our knowledge, no many similar works are presented. However, [4] present a method to overcome the RTP/UDP issues by putting a proxy server between the client and the streaming server (at the global network). The proxy receives a HTTP request (TCP) from the client and translates it to a RTSP/RTP request to the server (TCP+UDP). The proxy has two different connections (one for the client and the other for the streaming serve). The main function of the proxy is to translate the HTTP streaming protocol into RTSP/RTP streaming protocol. This can overcome the NAT problem due to that the HTTP request (TCP) is initialized by the client and the reply will pass through the same TCP port. However a third device is needed. In addition it is still using the constraints of the TCP between the proxy and the client (e.g. retransmission and reordering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc) (in addition to the increase of traffic to the network). Another issue is that there are too many operations in order to convert a complete application protocol into another one. Beside, this method loses the real time property that is needed for end to end communication because all the packets mush be forwarded at the proxy server. Proposed Methodology In this work, both the client and the server are assumed to convert all the RTP/UDP streaming packets into fabricated TCP packets that can be sent to the other side using the active channel. This fabrication process which is implemented for Windows Operating System (OS) requires a full control of the incoming/outgoing packets. However, there is the issue of source code of the TCP/IP (non open source for Windows OS) is not readily accessible and Windows does not allow the manipulation of the packets in any TCP/IP protocol suite from level above the TCP/IP driver layer. To overcome the inaccessibility issue, a hooking technique is used in order to control the (frame/packet) at the point that links between the protocol driver and the NIC card(s), which is represented by the Network Driver Interface Specification (NDIS). Hooking is a technique that can convert the calling of one operating system function into a new one that in turn calls the original one. The new function can do extra job before moving the execution to the original. This can be done without the need for the source code of the original [11]. The proposed modules is implemented and run in windows user mode. When the module can hook the NDIS, it can monitor, control, add, and modify the NDIS incoming/outgoing packets easily. The NDIS-Hooking driver inserts itself between TCP/IP and all of the adapters that bind with it as shown in figure (1). Figure 1. NDIS hooking driver with relation to user mode When TCP/IP sends a packet, it reaches the NDIS-Hooking driver (as a frame) before sending to the adapter. Likewise, packets that are to be indicated (received) on TCP/IP will go to the NDIS-Hooking driver first. The fabricated TCP header is inserted/deleted in the data link frame, this means that the original RTP/UDP protocol is used without modification. Nonetheless the fabricated packets can still bypass the NAT as authenticated ones. Figure 2. Proposed frame structure As these extra bytes (fabricated TCP header) will add when the packet is in the data link layer, this may cause the packet to exceed the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the network. Since, no packet must exceed the Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the network [12], [13], therefore, the senders MTU must be decreased by length of the fabricated TCP header length (20 bytes). The whole proposed system is composed of two main modules. The first module resides on the streaming client while the second resides on the streaming server. Figure (3) shows the video streaming network topology. Figure 3. Video streaming network topology Each module consists of the following components: A component (hooking function in Fig. 1) that makes the access to the frame at the data link layer. This component accesses the frames in data link layer which is in the kernel mode and moves it into the user mode and vice versa. A component that finds the required frame based on its content. This component extracts the specified packets from the frames which have to be changed (fabricated/restored) depending on sending direction (income/outcome). A component that makes the required modifications (fabricating/restoring) to the predetermined packets. This component changes the predetermined packets depending the sending direction (send/receive). In sending, the component changes the RTP/UDP packet into fabricated TCP packet. In receiving, the component restores the fabricated TCP packet into its original RTP/UDP content. This component also re-computes length and checksums. Client Side Module As mentioned earlier, the module has to access the kernel (at data link layer). This is done by accessing the NDIS driver. The module listens until a packet event has occurred. There are two possible scenarios: Incoming packet: If the packet is coming from the streaming server, then the program will look for the TCP that contains an RTSP packet. If this RTSP packet contains both the clients and servers streaming ports, then record this connections information into an array. This is happened normally at the setup phase of the RTSP connection. Later (when the RTP packet used), the client will check every TCP packet if it contains a specified signature. If this signature is raised (in the TCP header), this mean that this TCP packet is fabricated and it contains the original RTP/UDP packet. The program will remove the TCP header and recomputed the UDP and IP checksums. All these steps are done before sending the packet to the rest of TCP/IP protocol stack Outgoing packet: If the packet is outgoing to the streaming server and the outgoing packet was a RTP/UDP packet, then insert a new fabricated TCP header before the UDP header. This fabricated TCP header contains the TCP connection information taken from the appropriate record from an array containing all streaming connections details. This TCP header also contains a specified signature that has to been recognized from the streaming server in order to return the packet back to its original RTP/UDP packet. This operation also needs to recompute the checksums. All these steps are done before sending the packet to the adapter. Figure 4 shows the flowchart of client side module. Figure 4. Flowchart of the client side module Server Side Module In server side module, steps similar to the client are also implemented. The difference is that the system gets the RTSP connections details from the outgoing TCP packet instead of incoming TCP packet in the client. Figure (5) shows the flowchart of the main steps of the server module. Figure 5. Flowchart of the server side module Experiments and discussions Experiments Setup In this experiment, we use three PCs running windows XP. Two PCs with one LAN card (client and the server). The other PC (working as a NAT) contains two LAN cards. RedMug streaming server commercial software is used on the server site. The VLC media player (version 1.0.5) is used on the client side. The VLC media player is set to use the RTSP protocol by giving a URL of one movie on the streaming server. The proposed method (client and server modules) is implemented in VC++.Net Framework and it is running in windows OS environment in user mode. A windows device driver (Windows Packet Filter Kit winpkfilter 3.0 from NT Kernel Resources, http://www.ntkernel.com) is used for the hooking purpose. Experimental Results and Discussion In the first experiment (before using the proposed method), the client tries to access the movie on the streaming server using the above system configuration. The connections establishment and the video streaming negotiations between the client and the server are established normally. However, the connection fails at the stage of data streaming transformation (see Fig. 6). Figure 6. Connection breakdown when data streaming transforming began (server side) The reason for the success of the initialization of the client-server connection and all the negotiations needed to transfer the video streaming are that the connection request is a TCP and the initialization is coming from the client (behind the NAT) and the video streaming negotiations are done by the RTSP that uses the active channel. However, the client could not receive the video streaming data since the NAT dropped the RTP/UDP video streaming packets. The client then sends a teardown command to inform the server that the negotiation is over. The client starts one additional negotiation tries before it close the connection. In the second experiment, we used the proposed clients and server modules. After running, the two modules start monitoring the data link frames. The client monitors the outgoing streaming request while the server monitors the incoming streaming request. When the client request a video streaming from the server, The connections establishment and the video streaming negotiations between the client and the server are established normally and the client starts to display the video streaming data as shown if figure (7A and 7B). FEATURE HTTP RTP/TCP RTP/UDP PROPOSED METHOD Directional Bidirectional Bidirectional Uniary Uniary Playback hiccups Yes Yes No No Quality Reductions Yes Yes No No Oscillating throughput Yes Yes No No Slow recovery Yes Yes No No ISP firewall Traverse Traverse Blocked Traverse NAT traversal Yes No No Yes End-to-End Delay Long Long Short Short Window buffer and reordering Yes Yes No No Streaming method Downloading or progressive Streaming Streaming Streaming Figure 7A. Connection still active when the data streaming are transforming (server side) Figure 8B. Video streaming is displayed in the client (behind the NAT) When negotiation is captured, the host records the connection details: IP, TCP port and the streaming UDP ports. The host will insert the fabricated TCP header (after the UDP header) in the video streaming packet before sending it. The reason for the success of transforming the streaming data is that the sending host converts each streaming UDP packet into a fabricated TCP packet that bypasses the NAT because it uses the active channel. The receiving host in turn restores the fabricated TCP packet into the UDP streaming data at the data link layer before sending it to the upper layer. Evaluation A comparison between our proposed method and the existing technologies is presented in Table 1. The proposed method has several advantages over the existing technologies, although the new packet size is 20 bytes larger than the normal RTP/UDP packet, but less compared with the HTTP. This has a little impact on the network performance. The proposed method can traverse the video streaming over all types of NAT. It can also traverse the firewall that blocks the UDP ports that RTP may use, common with home Internet gateway. Streaming might fail at times even if the gateway has a built-in RTSP NAT. Reference [4] utilizes the two streaming protocols separately by using a third device (proxy) between the client and server (every side with whole streaming protocol advantages and disadvantages), the proposed method utilizes the benefits of the RTP and HTTP protocols without using any extra device. Table I. CURRENT AND PROPOSED METHOD COMPARISON Conclusion The two main transport layer protocols: TCP and UDP can be used in streaming but with the whole advantages and disadvantages of using that protocol. In this paper, a new method is presented and implemented that can merge some advantages of both protocols. It enables the client and server to use UDP advantages in each side for streaming. Both client and server gains scalability by not having to deal with some TCP processing feature (e.g. Acknowledgement and window buffering à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc). In the other hand, utilize the benefit of the TCP advantages to traverse the NAT and the firewall. In other words, the stream is not discarded and traverses the NAT and the firewall. The experimental results show that the new method achieves the firewall traversal and Nat traversal even with the most difficult NAT (symmetric NAT).

Stella Ting-Tommeys Toward a Theory of Conflict and Culture Essay

Stella Ting-Tommey's "Toward a Theory of Conflict and Culture" Introduction This research report is based on the article "Toward a Theory of Conflict and Culture" taken from the book Communication, Culture, and Organizational Processes. In this article, Stella Ting-Toomey talks about culture and conflict and its relation to low- and high-context cultures. Summary Ting-Toomey starts the article by addressing conflict. Conflict is part of human nature. It stems from many things. An example of a possible conflict could stem from differences in culture. She lists several other examples of possible conflict. She breaks the article up into three sections to better understand the idea of conflict versus culture. The first section deals with defining culture and conflict. Ting-Toomey defines conflict as "a form of interpersonal or intrapersonal tension between two or more parties based on goals, needs, desires, values, beliefs, and/or attitudes"(Ting-Toomey 72). She defines culture as "a patterned system of symbols and meanings"(Ting-Toomey 72). Conflict is an important par...