The Golden Gate Bridge Essay -- Construction Bridges Engineering Essay

The Golden Gate Bridge Since the dawn of time, man has had an inherent need to get to the other side. Rivers, canyons, and impassable trails have always hindered the migration of man, leaving him the choice to continue no further, or to â€Å"build a bridge and get over it.† The earliest bridges were made of simple materials such as stone, or even a fallen log. Regardless of the material, natural bridges allowed man to explore the â€Å"other side.† However, man has never been satisfied with what nature gives him. Over time, man developed the ability to construct his own bridges in order to create a shortcut across an otherwise impassable obstacle. The first man-made bridges consisted of wooden beams or stone arches. With each bridge, he added improvements such as cables for stability or larger abutments to support a larger load. Eventually, man entered the age of steel. Steel truss beams coupled with steel cables increased bridge spans considerably and allowed for a larger weight ca pacity. Now man was crossing distances only boats had taken people before. Various bridge styles also developed. Suspension, cable-stayed, steel arch, steel truss, and reinforced concrete arch bridges are all modern types of bridges, each with its own usefulness and design. The longest and most recognizable bridge type is the suspension bridge. These structures can span distances from 2000 to 7000 feet. As its name dictates, a suspension bridge suspends the roadway from heavy steel cables that run from one length of the bridge to the other. The cables are then fastened at large concrete anchorages at each end. Arguably the most well known suspension bridge is the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, California. While actual constructi... ...pring96/lui.html (November 9, 2004). ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ [1] http://www.americahurrah.com/SanFrancisco/GoldenGateBridge/4-SanFranciscoTower.htm [2] http://www.americahurrah.com/SanFrancisco/GoldenGateBridge/6-CableSpinning.htm [3] http://www.americahurrah.com/SanFrancisco/GoldenGateBridge/7-Roadway.htm [4] http://www.goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBDesign.html#ConcreteQuantities [5] http://www.sightseeingworld.com/SanFrancisco/goldengatebridge.htm [6] http://www.goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBLighting.html [7] http://www.sdsc.edu/GatherScatter/GSspring96/lui.html#list [8] http://www.goldengatebridge.org/research/factsGGBIntOrngPaint.html [9] http://www.goldengatebridge.org/research/majggbimprove.html [10] http://www.goldengatebridge.org/research/GGBTraffToll.html

European Economic and Monetary Union

Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) is a single currency area within the European Union single market in which people, goods, services and capital move without restrictions. It creates the framework for economic growth and stability and is underpinned by an independent central bank and legal obligations on the participating Member States to pursue sound economic policies and to coordinate these policies very closely.As trade between the EU Member States reaches 60% of their total trade, EMU is the natural complement of the single market. This market will work more efficiently and deliver its benefits more fully with the removal of high transaction costs brought about by currency conversions and the uncertainties linked to exchange rate instability. EMU and the economic performance of the Euro area will have their largest external effects on neighboring economies in western Europe and on developing and transition countries with important trade and financial links to Europe, including countries that link their currencies to the Euro. Among emerging market economies, those likely to be most affected are the transition countries of the central and Eastern Europe and the Baltics.The global environment has been favorable in a number of respects for the transition to EMU and the achievements of its objectives. The strong demand for euro-area exports from industrial countries at more advanced stages of the business cycle and the depreciation of the currencies of euro area countries over the past four years fostered a strengthening of growth in the euro area and helped to offset the effects of the Asian crisis. There are also challenges for EMU in the global economic environment: The crisis in Asia and other emerging market economies could produce adverse spillover effects and make the monetary policy more difficult to carry out. The continuation of the crisis could result in weakening of the external demand, which, in turn, could dampen confidence and domestic demand. The financial market volatility could increase the uncertainty in assessing the economic indicators. The economic crisis in emerging markets could influence the commercial banks in the euro- area to make substantial provisions for non-performing loans. It is, of course, impossible to predict the properties of the behavior of the exchange value of the Euro. With regard to broad trend, it seems likely that the Euro will tend to appreciate against the U.S. dollar and pound sterling over the next few years, but depreciate against the Japanese yen when Japan†s economic recovery begins. The United Kingdom and the United States have reached relatively advanced stages of their cyclical upswings, with resources more fully utilized than in the euro area, the Euro†s initial value comparing to the pound and the U.S. dollar can reasonably be considered to be below its medium-term equilibrium. As the economic recovery in Europe proceeds and the growth in the U.K. and U.S. economies slows, the Euro will most likely appreciate against those currencies. On the other hand, Japan economy remains in the critical position. The resumption of moderate growth will lead to a recovery of the yen. Thus Euro is expected to depreciate against the yen over the next few years. According to some widely made predictions: Euroland's capital markets, from equities to corporate bonds to municipal finance, will grow exponentially in coming years as the removal of cross-border currency risk drives pan-European markets. The Euro will stand alongside the dollar as the second-most-important currency in the world, reflecting its coming role in global trade and finance as well as its common usage by 290 million Euroland citizens. The new central bank has been given the independence to pursue price stability as a primary objective. This feature will affect the credibility of the ECB positively and thus the investors would see the Euro as a stable store of value in the next decade. Once the single currency takes effect, the national central banks of the euro area will reduce their international reserve holdings. Trade within the euro area will be denominated in a single currency and will no longer need to be backed by international reserves. Estimates of the EMU countries† resulting surplus of international reserves range from $50 billion to $230 billion. The scenarios that are presented in the European Commission Forward Studies Unit†s report regarding the economic situation in Europe towards the year 2010, reflect the possibilities rather fairly. I personally find the report an accurate study containing precise predictions. Out of the five futures for Europe, I think the Scenario No.3 seems the most logical and possible theory to occur. The reason I chose this particular scenario is because it focuses on the following issues: Transformation of the public sector Efforts to include Eastern Europe Agreements on unemployment issues Turning hierarchical pyramids on their heads Although in some countries public administrations such as central, regional and local government have started to make preparations for the introduction of the Euro, in general the evidence is that such organizations have taken few practical steps to prepare for the changeover. The grounds mainly are that they have plenty of time because they operate largely at the ‘retail end of the marketplace' and that they will need to await the circulation of the new notes and coins. The view of the Federation des Experts Comptables Europeens (FEE) is that this is a risky and potentially costly strategy and that early preparation is essential to reduce both risks and costs. Public administrations therefore ought to be preparing their own management and operations systems now for the changeover to the Euro according to advice issued by FEE. In the near future, member states would often present the Commission with their convergence programs, which would also assess long term prospects for the public sector. These programs would indicate the durability of deficit cuts in the countries whose public economies have been urgently trimmed to meet Euro conditions. Economic growth and structural reforms to reduce cost pressures on the budget are permanent methods but, for example, special taxes need to be supplemented by corrective measures to ensure permanent budget discipline. Indeed, the views of member states about the long term public economy could diverge when their euro-eligibility is assessed and the choice of euro members has to be explained to the public. The European Union is currently being enlarged to include the transition countries of the Baltics and Eastern Europe. The countries that intend to join the union will need to show progress toward meeting the Maastricht criteria. Potential EU members must overcome a number of challenges. They need to progress with privatization and to continue to reduce government involvement in their economy while disassembling monopolies, removing trade restrains and developing flexible labor markets. Six countries-Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia-have received favorable opinions from the Commission on their applications. These countries have already made good progress in meeting the guidelines of the treaty. In this particular scenario No.3, the accession negotiations of the Union with Turkey is mentioned. I personally think without the contributions of the Eastern Europe and the Baltics the future objectives of the Euro and the European Union can not be accomplished. Especially the future admission of Turkey to the Union is vital regarding the geographical position of this country, which not only connects Europe to Asia but also, forms a bridge of culture, a common ground between people from different horizons. However the Union still ignores the importance of Turkey†s role in various agreements and settlements made between Europe and Asia which are vital for the future of EU. But in the next decade as it starts to see the big picture, the efforts of the Union to include the Eastern Europe in the game would increase remarkably. Strong growth will allow further progress in reducing the euro zone's high jobless rate. Some of the member†s unemployment rate decreased drastically by keeping the game close to the euro zone standards. Job growth has been spurred by record low interest rates, a result of cuts from high levels to assure euro zone convergence. Low rates are fueling domestic demand, especially consumer spending and construction. Business investment is also gaining. Still, global weakness is depressing exports, and that's why job growth is expected to slow a bit in the second half. Even as construction, agriculture, and services, especially tourism, post solid growth, manufacturing jobs fell . The governments plan to cut prices in regulated utilities, likely to be followed by efforts to reform pricing in retail distribution and certain services. Some member countries have a lot of employees who want to work more hours. So automatically a connection is established between the government and the public. In 2010 the governments together with other businesses, local authorities and community associations would continuously try to move the obstacles in the way and make it easier for the unemployed citizens to find a job in a satisfying environment. â€Å"Turning hierarchical pyramids on the heads†. That phase itself made this scenario No.3 look more real than the others. Europe has a long history and the Europeans have lived through more dramatic events than any other culture of the world. It is now time to give the people of Europe something special. Only but only if † the hierarchical pyramids† are turned on their heads, will the Europeans thoroughly support the EMU and the Euro. Transformation of the public sector, efforts to include Eastern Europe and the efforts on the critical unemployment issue are all a part of the strategy in the new epoch † Shared Responsibilities†. It is now time that people take the real issue in their hands and get in charge. The times when everything is expected from the governments are over. For the professional organizations of Europe the launch of the Euro presents an important organizational and even philosophical challenge. By bringing down barriers to cross-border trade, the Euro makes a pan-European perspective crucial for efficient and effective operations. Many companies are, therefore, focusing on changing their culture, not their organizational structure. To be successful, Europeans will no longer be able to look at themselves as operating with complete autonomy; rather, they will have to see themselves as operating within a federation of businesses that, while independent, share common responsibilities.

Essay on Satire in Voltaires Candide - 625 Words

Use of Satire in Voltaire’s Candide Voltaire successfully uses satire as a means of conveying his opinions about life. In his novel, Candide, Voltaire satirizes the philosopher Liebnitzs philosophy that this is the best of all possible worlds. In the novel, the perpetually optimistic and naive character, Candide, travels around the world, having various experiences that prove, at least to the reader, that evil does exist. In one particular passage, Voltaire uses explicit diction, exaggerated details and manipulated syntax in order to contrast the optimists romantic view of battle with the horrible reality that is war. Voltaires grossly exaggerated details give a somewhat comical description of an†¦show more content†¦The soldiers dispose of mens lives as if they were worthless, for the purpose of settling a disagreement. After fighting, the two kings celebrate their respective victories by having Te Deums sung. The kings have the audacity to celebrate after commanding their armies to kill innocent people. They congratulate themselves after the violent bloodbath even though neither side has won. Later, Candide passes through a town that has been destroyed by the Bulgars in strict accordance with the laws of war. Voltaire suggests that the Bulgars burnt the town to the ground only because they were blindly following the laws of war. The soldiers obey their unfounded orders without giving any consideration to the well-being of innocent people. Voltaires diction attacks Leibnitzs philosophy that this is the best of all possible worlds; his words show a stark contrast between the optimists view of war and the horrible reality. The fine,brisk and brilliant armies produce a harmony as they remove rascals from the best of worlds. In an attempt to romanticize the situation, the optimist refers to dying men as if they were harmless miscreants rather than suffering humans. The diction suggests a fine performance ratherShow MoreRelatedEssay about Use of Satire in Voltaires Candide1568 Words   |  7 PagesSuccessful Use of Satire in Voltaires Candide Voltaires Candide is the story of how one mans adventures affect his philosophy on life. Candide begins his journey full of optimism that he lives in the best of all possible worlds, but he learns that it is naà ¯ve to say that good will eventually come of any evil.   Voltaire successfully uses satire as a means of conveying his opinions about many aspects of European society in the eighteenth century.   He criticizes religion, the evils foundRead More Intelligent Satire in Voltaires Candide Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesIntelligent Satire in Candide      Ã‚   In the story Candide, Voltaire uses the experiences of the character Candide and dialogue between characters to dispute the theory by other philosophers that Everything is for the best in this best of all possible worlds (Voltaire). 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